There is now a wide variety of methods available to measure the flow of liquids, solids, gases and vapours. One is, for the contrapropagation method, the upstream. Flow measurement ultrasonic, turbine, coriolis, vortex. The basic principles were established many years ago by two men. Fundamentals of temperature, pressure and air flow. At 5,000 ft the average atmospheric pressure would be 12. Thus, for known reference temperature and known thermocouple wire materials, output voltage vo can be used to measure temperature. Flow measurement pressure temperature compensation. Natural gas measurement fundamentals covers the basics of physical and chemical makeup of gas mixtures and how measurements of density and volume are are affected by temperature and pressure. Mar 05, 2014 measuring velocity pressure, fpm and cfm with a testo 510i manometer and a pitot tube duration. The 3 most valuable handbooks in measurement and control.
Effect of ambient temperature on the flow measuring instrument 2. In fact, it may well be the most frequently measured process variable. Temperature and pressure sensitive paint measurements in shortduration hypersonic flow. Temperature and pressuresensitive paint measurements in. He has been in the education and training since 1981 and joined purdue university in the year 1987. The short and sweet answer is that since gas is compressible its volume changes under pressure or when heated or cooled. Read fundamentals of temperature, pressure, and flow measurements pdf ebook by robert p. Human interface to monitor and control main parameters as respiration frequency, pressure, measure units and control mode. Covers the fundamentals of flow measurement of natural gas and how to obtain data, analyze, and determine precise measurement. Thermal mass flow measurement is based on heat transfer and measures mass flow, not volumetric flow and thus does not require temperature or pressure correction. Fundamentals of natural gas measurement course curriculum 1. Thermocouple and sensor computer interface handbook over 200 products for interfacing sensors. It also covers the variables of an operating environment.
Fundamentals of orifice meter measurement this white paper provides an overview of orifice meter technology, its advantages and general installation recommendations, as well as describes basic gas flow laws and the variables of orifice meter flow equations. It is important to mention that the normal pipeline gas source of a hospital is 50 psi. Pressure is derived by the combination of a mass measurement imposed upon an area. History of orifice flow measurement across the orifice figure 2 increases when the rate of flow increases. Explain other various electronic devices, including pulse. The sensor that fits volume measurement is a differential pressure sensor that accepts two sources of pressure simultaneously. Biogas production no moving parts ensures high reliability. Fundamentals of temperature, pressure, and flow measurements, third edition robert p. Linearity the meters ability to maintain a nearly constant calibration factor throughout the stated flow range. Hughes process control and process control loops fundamentals temperature and pressure measurement level measurement and control analytical and flow measurement taken from measurement and control basics, third edition.
It can also demonstrate advanced process control techniques, such as feedforward control, secondorder control, and cascade control when used with a. Most measurements of airflow are based on volume flow. Pressure transducer should be located at low temperature, if possible. Early attempts to measure degrees of heat robert p. The output is proportional to the difference of the two sources. Moves air in and out of the air container to assist, monitor, or control ventilation control air mixture percentage by pressure.
However, since gases are compressible fluids, the total mass contained in a given volume varies with both the temperature and pressure of the gas. Temperature measurement handbook and encyclopedia over 670 pages. Static pressure will not take into account the velocity of the air. The techniques of temperature, pressure and flow measurement are dealt with in three entirely separate parts. Barometric pressure effects consult your instrument manufacturer for pressure correction. Available formats pdf please select a format to send. Fundamentals of thermal mass flow measurement courtesy of. Mukhopadhyay, department of electrical engineering, iit kharagpur.
The volumes of the incompressible liquids are never affected by the pressure in the ranges normally encountered. Devices commonly used to measure flow are presented, as is a discussion on accuracy and. Fundamentals of pressure and temperature measurement. In addition to pressure, air quantity is another important measurement used to access the performance of a ventilation system. The process control training systems form a complete program designed to familiarize students with the fundamentals of instrumentation and process control. Fundamentals of flow metering introduction measuring fluid flow is one of the most important aspects of process control. This article discusses flow principles and pressure based flow measurement. If temperature and pressure continue to decrease, molecular activity will cease. It is widely accepted for high pressure and temperature steam flow. Buy fundamentals of temperature, pressure, and flow measurements on. The determination of machinery performance depends on an engineers understanding of measurement theory and technique. Fuel level engine temperature oil pressure flow speed a typical example of a pid control loop that everyone can understand is cruise control. Gas measurement fundamentals certification curriculum. Visit fundamentals of thermal mass flow measurement to read the html version of the paper, or download the pdf.
The net effect of the expansion and contraction of the liquid is the associated density change. Authors from many of the automation suppliers contributed to each of these editions. Learn the difference between temperature, pressure, differential and how they affect gas measurement. Medical venturi pipe to measure the flow from the pressure difference functions. Flow boiling in microchannels is one of the most promising cooling methods for these and similar devices due to the capability of achieving very high heat transfer rates with small variations in. Fundamentals of flow measurement the standard cubic foot volumetric flow the flow of gases is traditionally measured in volumetric units such as cubic feet, liters or cubic centimeters.
Principles and methods of temperature measurement course content temperature can be measured via a diverse array of sensors. It has been studied only in the last 200 years and in the last 30 years all the new techniques have evolved. Industrial flow measurement industrial flow measurement. If you would like more information on the benefits of thermal mass flow meters, visit us at. For our example we will use the common residential delivery pressure of. Process control training systems labvolt series by festo. Jainco is renowned exporter and manufacturer of fundamentals of temperature measurement, fundamentals of temperature measurement suppliers, fundamentals of temperature measurement manufacturers throughout the world to be used in schools, college and universities. Optical techniques laser doppler single phase flows two phase flows 1. The basic physics involved in the measurements is covered, as well as the common types of sensors used in industry. Flow measurement has a history of about 3000 years.
Pdf on jan 1, 2010, justin foster and others published fundamentals of high pressure combustion find, read and cite all the research you need on researchgate. Fundamentals of pressure and temperature measurement jeff goetzman centerpoint energy. Temperature, pressure, flow, level, strain, force, acceleration, displacement and analytical measurement theory is emphasized. Since then he has been teaching drafting and design, autocad, autolisp, 3ds max, 3ds viz, mechanical desktop, proengineer, autodesk inventor, etc. All of them infer temperature by sensing some change in a physical characteristic. Forlongduration1ssteady owconditions,emphasisisplaced on signal strength to increase measurement accuracy, hence, the. In summary, vo is a unique function of the sensor temperature ts and the two metals used for the thermocouple. The orifice meter, sometimes called the head loss flow.
Fundamentals of temperature, pressure and flow measurements, 2nd edition. When you start to go up a hill the gas pedal goes down to maintain the speed set point. Gas pedal says where it needs to be on a flat surface. Pressure like temperature, operating pressures are never the same and vary from minute to minute. Fundamentals of temperature measurement experimental introduction to temperature measurement technology. Fundamentals of temperature measurement india, fundamentals. Early attempts to measure degrees of heat fundamentals of. Daniel measurement and control white papersfundamentals of orifice meter measurement page 1 fluid meters are divided into two functional groups one measures quantity positive displacement. Effect of barometric pressure on the flow measuring instrument 2. Effect of gas temperature on the flow measuring instrument 3. Doe fundamentals handbook instrumentation and control volume 2 of 2 u. Pressure and strain measurement handbook over 175 pages of new pressure and strain products. Early attempts to measure degrees of heat fundamentals. There are four basic types of temperature measuring devices, each of which uses a different principle.
Benedict, 9780471893837, available at book depository with free delivery worldwide. Part b illustrates the measurement of total pressure, which accounts for. The quant itative determination of amount, volume, and flow rate allows production processes to be optimized through control and regulation. May 19, 2008 lecture series on industrial automation and control by prof. Fundamentals of temperature, pressure, and flow measurements by robert p. The basic theories on pressure and temperature compensation were. One cannot create an artifact of one pound per square inch or any other measure of pressure.
When there is no flow, there is no differential pressure. Here are some typical examples of the uses of thermal flow meters. Overview of flow principles and pressurebased flow measurement. Mass flow rate is the ideal measurement value because it is independent of pressure and temperature, although volume flow rate is usually technically more convenient to measure and, therefore, is preferred. Barometric pressure effects consult your instrument manufacturer for pressure correction factors. The short and sweet answer is that since gas is compressible its volume changes under pressure or. Sham tickoo is a professor of manufacturing engineering technology at purdue university calumet. This bulletin describes the nature of flow and factors affecting it. Thermal mass flow meters are used in a broad range of applications. Fundamentals of temperature, pressure and flow measurement benedict, robert p. Basic assumptions turbine meters infer flow rate from the measurement of rotational movement angular velocity of a bladed rotor.
Types of flows laminar or smooth flow figure 1 tends to take place at lower flow rates in smaller pipes, where the fluid particles flow in cylinders where the outermost cylinder that touches the pipe wall does not move because of viscosity. Power test code, chapter 4 on flow measurement and flow measurement engineering handbook by r. Orifice metering satisfies most flow measurement applications and is the most common flow meter in use today. Why are pressure and temperature correction not required. The detailed engineering articles contained in volume 1 of this 2volume set provide guidance on monitoring and controlling several key process variables pressure, temperature, level and flow, and several articles are provided on the appropriate measurement of ph, as well. This is a measurement that can be taken by freescale pressure sensors.
Fluid dynamic measurements, measurement, pressure, temperature measurements. All fluid meters, however, consist of two distinct parts, each of which has different functions to perform. In addition to pressure and temperature, the flow rate is one of the. Thermocouple and sensor computer interface handbook over 200 products for interfacing sensors with pc and mainframe. Effect of gas pressure on the flow measuring instrument table of average. Flow measurement from differential pressure signal. Peertopeer knowledge sharing provides valuable information beyond what is possible to find in owners manuals and other technical documentation from suppliers. This is the fundamental concept of thermocouple usage. Their operating principles provide flow measurement with a signal that is inherently linear to the average volumetric flow rate regardless of fluid temperature, pressure, density, viscosity, or direction. Fundamentals of temperature and pressure management. Fundamentals of temperature, pressure, and flow measurements.
Min218 fundamentals of fluid flow 2 p wgh 31 where g is the local acceleration due to gravity in ftsec 2. Hydrocarbon liquids are compressible, and will contract when pressure is increased, and expand when pressure is decreased. This information will need to be read off of pressure and temperature. Thermocouple and sensor computer interface handbook over 200 products for interfacing. Fundamentals of temperature, pressure and flow measurement.
The only limitation is that the fluid must be electrically conductive and nonmagnetic. Units of measure common units of measurement in hydrocarbon fluid quantification a. Tds 3032a00 september 1995 magnetic flowmeter fundamentals. Fundamentals of liquid turbine meters measurement solutions. Download citation fundamentals of temperature, pressure, and flow measurements third edition the techniques of temperature, pressure and flow measurement are dealt with in three entirely. This portable document format pdf file contains bookmarks, thumbnail s, and hyperlinks to help you navigate through the document. In this edition, the chapters on thermocouples, statistics, temperature response, pressure measurements in moving fluids, discharge coefficients, and flow installations have been. In other words, it will go from reading 20% to reading 80%, which is definitely not an accurate indication of the flow increase. Void fraction measurement a va a capacitance measurement. Cpl factors are actually factors that attempt to correct for the density change of the product due to the application of pressure different than the standard pressure. Measurement technology provides the tools for optimizing production processes and dosing operations.